The historical foundations of behavioral therapy (BT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) date back thousands of years to ancient philosophers who advocated the use of consequences to change behavior and the role of perception in mood. The modern history of CBT began with early learning theorists such as John B. Watson, the founder of behaviorism, who recommended focusing only on observable behaviors that can be reliably measured. Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner laid the groundwork for classical and operant learning theories, which provide a framework for understanding the development and maintenance of emotions and behavior.
Contemporary Behavior Therapy Spiegler Pdf Download
The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern era of contemporary CBT with the advent of behavioral treatments for the problematic anxiety reactions (e.g., systematic desensitization by Joseph Wolpe) seen ...
This comprehensive, respected, and up-to-date survey of contemporary behavior therapy synthesizes the clinical, research, theoretical, and ethical facets of behavior therapy. Ideal as an introduction if you're a beginning student, or as a scholarly review and resource if you're an advanced student, CONTEMPORARY BEHAVIOR THERAPY, Sixth Edition covers all the major behavioral and cognitive therapies. The wealth of case studies illustrates the application of behavior therapy techniques to a wide array of problems and clinical populations. The text's multidisciplinary approach includes applications to diverse fields, including psychology, education, social work, nursing, and rehabilitation.
Michael D Spiegler is a professor of psychology at Providence College. In addition to his research on behavioral treatments for psychiatric disorders, Spiegler regularly presents workshops and courses on college textbook writing. The textbook he is best known for is Contemporary Behavior Therapy. He can be contacted at spiegler@providence.edu.
Citation: Kronemyer D and Bystritsky A (2014) A non-linear dynamical approach to belief revision in cognitive behavioral therapy. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 8:55. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00055
While obsessions are defined as unobtrusive, disturbing thoughts, compulsions are behaviors performed in the form of rituals to relieve the feeling of discomfort caused by obsessions. Behavioral therapy is based on determining the relationship and interfering with behavior by looking at the individual's responses to environmental stimuli. The aim of this study is to describe behavioral therapy techniques used in the treatment of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to investigate their effectiveness. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA directive. Web of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, YOK National thesis Center and TR Index databases were scanned in order to identify studies using behavioral techniques in OKB treatment between 2000 and 2020. As a result of the scan, 632 studies have been reached, 11 results have been evaluated. All of the reviewed studies are published research papers. Five of the articles reviewed used virtual reality, three used psychoeducation and exposure, two used exposure and response prevention techniques and one used psychoeducation, exposure and response prevention techniques. The total number of participants of the researches included in the study is 438. Based on the results of researches, techniques such as virtual reality, exposure, response prevention, psychoeducation seem to be effective when used alone or together in the treatment of OCD.
The foundations of behaviorism date back to the Russian physiologist Pavlov in the late 1800s. In a study of the digestive systems of dogs, I. P. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which is one of the most important concepts of psychology and behavioral approach. J. B. Watson, a pioneer in the United States, conducted experiments that showed that classical conditioning could also be implemented to humans. J. B. Watson argued that psychology's goal should be to anticipate and control behaviors. B. F. Skinner was the person who systemized behaviorism. B. F. Skinner has put behaviorism in a position to explain the behavior of all people with the principles of operational conditioning and reinforcement (Turkcapar and Sargin 2012). Behaviorism has increased its effectiveness with these developments, especially after the 1950s (Sargin and Sargin 2015). Behaviorism is based on determining the relationship and interfering with behavior by looking at the individual's responses to environmental stimuli, without looking at consciousness or mental processes. If environmental stimuli can be controlled, behaviors can be controlled. The goal of behavioral therapy is to bring about a change in behavior related to a problem that exists in an individual with classical and operational conditioning. Indeed, these conditions are the most basic learning principles for behavioral therapy (Spiegler and Guevremont 1993). The origin of modern behavioral techniques is based on J. Wolpe. Wolpe has also developed the systematic desensitization technique, which is often used in behavioral therapies. In behavioral therapy, systematic desensitization, on-site exposure, imaginary exposure, psychoeducation, virtual reality are currently used along with techniques such as breathing and novelization exercises. Although the definitions and implementations of each of these techniques are different, actually they are all aimed at changing behavior towards an individual's existing problem.
Behavioral therapy techniques are often used in the treatment of OCD. The principle of behavioral techniques is to prevent the individual's obsessive thoughts and anxiety caused by stimuli through a number of practices. Obsessions increase anxiety, and compulsions occur to reduce this anxiety (Bayar and Yavuz 2008). At this point, the exposure technique aims to reduce anxiety by exposing the patient to an anxiety-inducing situation in real life or in a clinical setting, in clinician observation. On the other hand, systematic desensitization involves the introduction of stimuli to the patient in a gradual way from the least anxious state to the most anxious state. For this reason, the stages from the situation in which the patient is least concerned to the situation in which s/he is most concerned are listed as a hierarchy of anxiety. Virtual reality is a kind of exercise that has been implemented with the development of technology. In a clinical setting, it involves exposing the patient to anxiety situations by using computer software and videos. Relaxation exercises serve as an additional technique that serves to reduce the anxiety that occurs in the patient after other methods used. It aims to reduce the patient's anxiety level and allows the patient to develop coping skills. Behavioral therapy can be used in both inpatient and out patients (Kose 2010). In particular, these techniques can be used with other therapy techniques today (Whittal and McLean 1999, Watson and Rees 2008). There are many studies that behavioral techniques have proven their effectiveness in treatment. The main aim of this study is to systematically review the results of many studies that have recently investigated the effectiveness of behavioral techniques used in the treatment of OCD. For this aim, the sample showing the general characteristics of the interventions in the studies and the intervened variables investigated the effectiveness of behavioral therapy methods by comparing them according to the intervention methods.
The research was conducted in the form of a retrospective searching of publications on the subject. Literature review has been limited to studies conducted in the last 20 years (2000-2020) to determine the current effectiveness of studies conducted on behavioral techniques in the treatment of OCD. Web of Science, Pubmed and Science Direct electronic databases for English studies and Ulakbim and YOKThesis databases for Turkish studies were searched manually. Keywords selected for searching in these databases are scanned to match the keywords contained in Medical Subject Headers (MESH) and the keywords like "behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder", "behavioral techniques in obsessive-compulsive disorder", "behavioral techniques in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder" and "behavioral therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder" are scanned between the dates of September-November 2020. Keywords are scanned in summary, keyword, and working title so that they are combinations of each other in the relevant databases. Due to the systematic compilation feature of the study carried out, research studies were included in the studies obtained.
A total of 438 people diagnosed with OCD were reached through the studies included in the systematic review and various intervention programs based on behavior therapy were implemented. Adult sample was used in nine of the studies and child sample was used in only one study (Whiteside et al. 2012). The average age of the child sample study was 13.59, while the average age of the studies involving adult sample participants was 20.85 - 37.91. The average age of one of the studies was not reached (Kim et al. 2008).
The common main objective of the studies included in the review is to determine the effectiveness of behavioral therapy techniques in the treatment of OCD. The studies also touched on different issues for this aim. These are the effectiveness of the duration of group therapy in the treatment of OCD (Himle et al. 2001), examining the role of insight in the treatment of OCD (Himle et al. 2006), determination of the effectiveness of virtual reality use in the treatment of OCD (Kim et al. 2008, Belloch et al. 2014, Laforest et al. 2016, van Bennekom et al. 2017, Inozu et al. 2020), determination of the effectiveness of behavioral therapy techniques on brain structures (Nakatani et al. 2003, Yamanishi et al. 2009) and the effectiveness of behavioral therapy techniques in the treatment of OCD (Rosqvist et al. 2001, Whiteside et al. 2012). 2ff7e9595c
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